Circumcision is a surgical procedure in which the foreskin of the penis is removed. It is a common practice in many cultures and is often performed for religious, cultural, or medical reasons. In some cases, circumcision may be performed to treat conditions such as phimosis (an inability to retract the

Disorders of sexual differentiation refer to conditions in which there is a discrepancy between the individual's genetic and gonadal sex, and their secondary sexual characteristics and/or external genitalia. This can occur due to genetic, hormonal, or environmental factors and can range from mild to

Hypospadias is a congenital abnormality in which the opening of the urethra is located on the underside of the penis or scrotum instead of at the tip. This can result in difficulty with urination and can affect the appearance and function of the penis. Hypospadias can range from a mild form, in which

Nocturnal enuresis, also known as bedwetting, is the involuntary discharge of urine during sleep. It is a common condition among children and adolescents, affecting approximately 5-15% of teenagers. Although it can be a normal part of child development, nocturnal enuresis can be distressing for children

Testicular torsion is a condition in which the spermatic cord, which provides blood flow to the testicle, becomes twisted, cutting off the blood supply to the testicle. This can cause sudden and severe pain and swelling in the affected testicle and is considered a medical emergency. Testicular torsion

A ureterocele is a congenital abnormality in which the distal end of the ureter bulges into the bladder like a balloon. This can cause urinary tract obstruction, leading to urinary tract infections and potentially causing damage to the kidney. Ureteroceles are typically diagnosed in childhood and can

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition in which urine flows back into the ureters and kidneys from the bladder, instead of flowing in one direction out of the body. This backward flow of urine can increase the risk of urinary tract infections and can cause damage to the kidneys over time. VUR is